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J APPL POULT RES 2006. 15:383-393
© 2006 Poultry Science Association
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Research Reports

Growth Performance, Meat Yield, and Economic Responses of Broilers Provided Diets Varying in Amino Acid Density from Thirty-Six to Fifty-Nine Days of Age1

W. A. Dozier, III*,2, M. T. Kidd{dagger}, A. Corzo{dagger}, J. Anderson{ddagger} and S. L. Branton*

* USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, PO Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762-5367; {dagger} Department of Poultry Science and {ddagger} Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762

Correspondence: 2 Corresponding author: bdozier{at}msa-msstate.ars.usda.gov


   SUMMARY
TOP
 SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND NOTES
 
Providing broilers diets formulated to a high amino acid density early in life improves subsequent growth performance and meat yield. Diets formulated to high amino acid concentrations beyond 5 wk of age may increase breast meat yield but may not be economically justified. This study examined growth, meat yield, and economic responses of broilers provided diets varying in amino acid density from 36 to 59 d of age. Birds were given a 4-phase feeding program: starter (1 to 17 d), grower (18 to 35 d), withdrawal-1 (WD1; 36 to 47 d), and withdrawal-2 (WD2; 48 to 59 d of age). All birds were fed a common, high amino acid density diet to 35 d of age (HH). Broilers were provided diets characterized as being high (H), moderate (M), or low (L) in amino acid density for the WD1 and WD2 periods. Dietary treatments were HHHH, HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL from d 1 to 59, with H, M, and L representing the diets fed during each of the 4 periods (starter, grower, WD1 and WD2).

Cumulative feed conversion was improved when the HHHH feeding regimen was fed, whereas other final live performance measurements were not affected. Decreasing amino acid density (HHLL and HHHL) limited yields of breast fillets, tenders, and total white meat when compared with the HHHH regimen. As amino acid density decreased from HHHH to HHHM, HHMM, and HHML, carcass yield and breast meat yield were not affected. In general, providing the HHHH feeding regimen increased economic gross feeding margin compared with the other dietary treatments.

Key Words: broiler • feeding regimen • lysine • methionine • nutrient density


   DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
TOP
 SUMMARY
 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND NOTES
 
Heavy broilers represent approximately 16% of the total broilers marketed in the United States [1]. Over the last decade, market weight of heavy broilers has been increasing and it is not uncommon for some complexes to market broilers of 3.7 kg or larger. The demand for breast fillets and value-added products has prompted primary breeding companies to develop high-yielding broilers destined to a market weight of >3.3 kg.

These newly developed broiler strains are characterized as late developing, and may have higher dietary nutrient needs as they approach market weight than multipurpose strains. As a result, primary breeding companies advocate high nutrient density diets in their production guides for these newly developed strains [2], but recommendations are only provided for a maximum bird weight of 3.0 kg. Because approximately 70% of the total feed usage occurs after 5 wk of age with broilers marketed at 3.7 to 4.0 kg, broiler integrators tend to feed diets formulated to lower amino acid specifications as a means to reduce live production cost. When assessing profitability, feed cost should be expressed per unit of meat produced and not solely on live production cost. Defining amino acid needs is economically important late in production to ensure that amino acids are not fed in excess, but not meeting dietary amino acid needs can impair meat yield.

Providing diets formulated to high amino acid density has been shown to optimize subsequent growth and meat yield responses [3, 4, 5, 6]. Formulating diets containing a relatively high amount of CP and amino acids to the young chick enhances nitrogen reserves for subsequent development [7]. The response to increasing dietary amino acid density early in development may relate to an increase in insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations [8, 9], which in turn, increases protein synthesis [10] leading to larger muscle fiber diameter [11]. Skinner et al. [12] reported that decreasing dietary amino acid density from 100 to 70% of amino acid recommendations [13] from d 44 to 49 did not influence growth rate, feed conversion, or carcass yield. However, Skinner et al. [12] used a lower yielding broiler compared with genetic strains currently available.

Modern broiler strains selected for breast meat yield respond to diets formulated to a high amino acid density throughout production [6, 14, 15]. Breast meat may be increased by 1.5 to 2.0 percentage points when feeding high amino acid density diets throughout grow-out. However, carryover effects of dietary amino acid density may occur from the starter and grower periods to the withdrawal (WD) periods. Therefore, feeding high amino acid density diets from 5 to 8 wk may not be warranted. Information is lacking on feeding the Ross x Ross 708 [16] broiler high amino acid density diets early in life and decreasing dietary amino acid density beyond 5 wk of age on growth performance and meat yield. This study examined growth performance, meat yield, and economics of Ross x Ross 708 broilers provided 6 dietary treatments from 36 to 59 d.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 SUMMARY
 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND NOTES
 
Bird Husbandry
Two identical trials were conducted. In each trial, 1,560 1-d-old Ross x Ross 708 [16] broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery and randomly distributed into 30 floor pens (26 males and 26 females; 0.07 m2/bird) of a solid-sided facility. Chicks from both trials originated from eggs produced by the same breeder flock only 2 wk apart. Vaccinations for Marek’s disease, Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis were administered at the hatchery, and vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus was given at 12 d of age. Each pen was equipped with 1 pan feeder, a nipple waterer line having 9 nipples (flow rate = 35 mL/min for 1 to 35 d; 70 mL/min for 36 to 59 d of age), and fresh pine shavings. A feeder lid was placed in each pen from 1 to 7 d to ensure chicks had adequate access to feed. Feed and water were available to the birds for ad libitum consumption. Temperature was maintained at 33°C at placement and reduced as the birds progressed in age with a final temperature of 14°C at 56 d [17]. The lighting schedule used was intended not to restrict early growth [18].

Dietary Treatments
Common diets were provided from 1 to 35 d of age (Table 1Go). At 36 d of age, 6 feeding treatments were fed until 59 d of age. Birds were given a 4-phase feeding regimen consisting of starter (1 to 17 d), grower (18 to 35 d), WD1 (36 to 47 d), and WD2 (48 to 59 d). The diets in the starter and grower periods were high (H) amino acid density and those in WD1 and WD2 were formulated to H, moderate (M), and low (L) amino acid densities that would be used in commercial practice [6] (Table 2Go). The 6 feeding treatments throughout the 59-d production period were: HHLL, HHML, HHMM, HHHH, HHHM, and HHHL. The HHML treatment, for example, was H amino acid density for starter and grower periods (HH), M amino acid density for WD1, and L amino acid density for WD2.


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  		Table 1. Ingredient and calculated nutrient composition of diets provided to male and female broilers from placement until 35 d of age1
 

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  		Table 2. Ingredient and calculated nutrient composition of diets provided to male and female broilers from 36 to 59 d of age
 
The NRC [19] recommends 1.0% dietary lysine from 21 to 42 d and 0.85% dietary lysine during 42 to 56 d. Regimen HHHH exceeded NRC lysine recommendations from 21 to 42 and 42 to 56 d. Regimen HHMM was below the 21-to 42-d NRC lysine recommendation during the 21- to 42-d period, but exceeded the NRC lysine recommendation from 42 to 56 d. Regimen HHLL was below NRC lysine recommendations from 21 to 42 and 42 to 56 d. Regimens HHHM, HHHL, and HHML were intermediate in lysine content when compared with regimens HHHH, HHMM, and HHLL. All regimens exceeded NRC recommendations for TSAA during 21 to 56 d of age.

Measurements
Birds and feed were weighed by pen at 1, 17, 35, 47, and 59 d of age. Feed consumption was divided by BW on a bird basis to calculate feed conversion ratio. The incidence of mortality was recorded daily. At 60 d of age, 12 birds per pen (6 males and 6 females) were randomly selected for processing and placed in transportation coops. Feed was removed from each pen 12 h before processing. Birds were electrically stunned, bled with a knife by severing the jugular vein, scalded, defeathered, and manually eviscerated. Carcasses and abdominal fat were weighed and carcasses were chilled in ice for 24 h. Front halves were deboned. Boneless, skinless breast fillets and tenders (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles) were weighed. Carcass, breast fillets, breast tenders, abdominal fat, and total white meat (breast fillets + breast tenders) yields were calculated relative to final BW.

Economics
Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine gross feeding margin on a carcass and total white meat basis. The sensitivity analysis includes a wide range of diet cost and meat prices that allow the determination of an optimum dietary treatment of a given scenario based on diet cost and meat prices. Twenty-four scenarios were developed to estimate gross feeding margin per bird based on diet cost and meat prices. Base diet cost was estimated on southeastern United States ingredient prices as of March 2005. Diet cost among the treatments for the ingredient prices as of March 2005 was considered the base price (100%) and was decreased to 80% of the base price and increased to 120% of the base price to reflect market fluctuations occurring during a 12-mo period. Base meat prices were $1.32/kg, $3.32/kg, and $3.97/ kg to represent carcass, breast fillet, and breast tender prices, respectively. Meat prices varied from 70 to 130% of base prices for carcass, breast fillets, and breast tenders. Gross feeding margin per bird was calculated as output (meat price x meat weight) minus input (feed cost = diet cost x feed consumption) [20].

Statistics
Data were statistically evaluated by the GLM [21] in a randomized complete block design. Pen was considered the experimental unit. Each treatment was represented by 10 replicate pens (5 replicate pens/trial). Five orthogonal contrasts were used to separate treatment means. In addition, least significant difference comparison was used to separate treatment means. Statistical significance was considered at P ≤ 0.05.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 SUMMARY
 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND NOTES
 
Analysis of the experimental diets determined that the actual composition of CP was lower than the calculated values (Tables 1Go and 2Go). Data were pooled from the 2 trials because trial x treatment interactions were not different (P ≥ 0.80) for the variables measured. The 2 trials were conducted from January to March 2005 and ambient temperature in the experimental facility was favorable throughout the 59-d production period [22]. The grand means for BW and feed conversion were 550 g and 1.31 (1 to 17 d) and 2,004 g and 1.58 (1 to 35 d), respectively, indicating that the birds had favorable growth and feed conversion before initiation of the experimental periods.

Decreasing dietary amino acid density during 36 to 47 d (WD1) from HHH to HHM did not alter growth performance (Table 3Go). However, reducing dietary amino acid density from HHH and HHM to HHL limited growth rate and adversely affected feed conversion. Dietary amino acid density did not influence the incidence of mortality. Feeding the HHHH regimen through WD2 improved cumulative feed conversion over birds provided HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL regimens (Table 4Go). Dietary treatments did not affect 59-d BW, BW gain, feed consumption, or the occurrence of mortality.


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  		Table 3. Live performance responses of male and female broilers provided varying in dietary amino acid density (high, moderate, and low; H, M, and L) from placement to 47 d of age (WD1)1
 

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  		Table 4. Live performance responses of male and female broilers provided varying in dietary amino acid density (high, moderate, and low; H, M, and L) from placement to 59 d of age (WD2)1
 
In the current study, cumulative feed conversion was increased by 2, 3, 4, 4, and 7 points, respectively, as dietary amino acid density was decreased from HH to HM, HH to MM, HH to HL, HH to ML, and HH to LL from 36 to 59 d of age, but BW gain was unaffected. In agreement, previous research also found no differences in BW gain from 6 to 8 wk of age in broilers provided diets formulated to moderate or high nutrient density [14, 15]. However, feeding an H amino acid density diet to Ross x Ross 708 [16] did improve feed conversion by 4 points from 45 to 55 d of age compared with birds fed feeds formulated to an M amino acid density [15]. The BW gain response to amino acid density appears to be more acute from 5 to 7 wk of age than from 6 to 8 wk. Kidd et al. [6] fed diets varying in amino acid density to Ross x Ross 508 broilers [16] during a 49-d production period. Growth rate for broilers consuming diets formulated to an amino acid density of H, M, and L from 36 to 49 d of age was 1,000, 879, and 822 g, respectively.

Feeding diets differing in amino acid density from 36 to 59 d of age did not alter the weight or yield of the whole carcass (Table 5Go). Decreasing amino acid density from HHHH and HHHM to HHML and HHLL increased the absolute and relative yield of abdominal fat. In contrast, Kidd et al. [15] reported no differences in abdominal fat in broilers fed HH or MM diets from 36 to 55 d. Other research found less abdominal fat with increasing amino acid density from 1 to 56 d of age [14].


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  		Table 5. Carcass yield of male and female broilers provided varying in dietary amino acid density (high, moderate, and low; H, M, and L) from placement to 59 d of age1
 
Broilers provided HHHH diets had greater breast fillet and total breast meat yield compared with birds fed the HHLL regimen (Table 6Go). However, broilers given the HHHM, HHMM, and HHML regimens produced similar total breast meat yield compared with birds provided the HHHH feeding program. In agreement, decreasing dietary amino acid density from HH to MM or ML from 36 to 55 d did not affect breast meat yield [15]. The lysine content in the M diets from 36 to 45 and 46 to 55 d reported by Kidd et al. [15] was similar to H diets fed from 36 to 47 and 48 to 59 d in the current study. Thus, the M diets provided from 36 to 55 d in the study by Kidd et al. [15] may have met the dietary amino acid needs of the bird and the amino acids supplied by the H diets could have been too high. Corzo et al. [14] found a 2.6% proportional increase in breast meat yield (19.8 vs. 19.3%) with increasing dietary amino acid density from 1 to 56 d. However, the 2.5% increase in breast meat yield may have occurred due to carryover effects of increasing amino acid density during the first few weeks of the grow out.


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  		Table 6. Boneless, skinless, breast meat yield of male and female broilers provided varying in dietary amino acid density (high, moderate, and low; H, M, and L) from placement to 59 d of age1
 
Sensitivity analysis of gross feeding margin per bird indicated that changing meat and feed prices affected the economic value of differences in response to the dietary treatments (Table 7Go). At base levels of diet cost and breast meat prices, feeding the HHHH diets increased gross feeding margin by $0.015, $0.047, $0.007, $0.011, and $0.043/bird, respectively, compared with the HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL regimens. These differences increase as breast meat price increases. For example, with breast meat prices at 130% of the base price, feeding the HHHH regimen increased gross feeding margin by $0.016, $0.068, $0.014, $0.024, and $0.066/bird compared with the HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL feeding programs, respectively (with diet cost remaining at 100% of the base price). Conversely, decreasing breast meat prices reduced the economic differences between treatments. By decreasing breast meat prices to 80% of the base price, the return of gross feeding margins was increased by $0.015, $0.034, $0.005, $0.004, and $0.029/bird when the HHHH program was given over the HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL regimens, respectively (again, with diet cost at 100% of the base price). Feeding the HHHH regimen with diet cost and breast meat prices at 100% of the base cost would generate an additional $7,000 and $11,000/wk for a complex processing 1 million broilers compared with the HHMM and HHML feeding programs, respectively.


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  		Table 7. Sensitivity analysis ($/bird) based upon total feed cost and meat yield of male and female broilers provided diets varying in amino acid density from 36 to 59 d of age
 
Evaluating the dietary treatments using breast meat prices at 100% and increasing diet cost to 120% revealed that feeding the HHHH regimen increased profits by $0.018, $0.043, $0.006, $0.006, $0.037/bird, respectively, compared with the HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL feeding regimens. When diet cost was 80% and breast meat prices were at 100% of the base prices, broilers fed the HHHH had an increase of gross feeding margin per bird of $0.012, $0.051, $0.009, $0.017, and $0.049, respectively, compared with broilers given the HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL feeding treatments. As diet cost increased to 120% of the base price with breast prices held at 100% of base price, decreasing amino acid density from HHHH to HHMM only reduced gross feeding margin by $0.006/bird.


   CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
TOP
 SUMMARY
 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
REFERENCES AND NOTES
 

  1. Increasing dietary amino acid density from 36 to 59 d improved cumulative feed conversion, but did not alter final growth rate, feed consumption, and the incidence of mortality.
  2. Feeding the HHHH regimen increased breast fillet yield, breast tender yield, and total breast meat yield compared with broilers provided the HHLL regimen. Decreasing dietary amino acid density to HHHM, HHMM, and HHML did not significantly affect the yield of saleable white meat.
  3. In general, broilers given the HHHH regimen had greater gross feeding margin than the other dietary treatments. However, as breast meat prices increased, the difference of gross feeding margin was more pronounced when feeding H amino acid density diets from 36 to 59 d of age.
  4. Consideration to breast meat prices and diet cost should be given collectively when establishing commercial feeding programs for broilers grown to heavy market weights.


   FOOTNOTES
 
1 Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. Back


   REFERENCES AND NOTES
TOP
 SUMMARY
 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
 REFERENCES AND NOTES
 

  1. Brister, R. 2004. United States broiler nutritional strategies. Arkansas Nutrition Conference, Springdale, AR.
  2. Ross x Ross 708 North American Broiler Performance Objectives. Aviagen North America, Huntsville, AL.
  3. Holsheimer, J. P., and E. W. Ruesink. 1993. Effect on performance, carcass composition, yield, and financial return of dietary energy and lysine levels in starter and finisher diets fed to broilers. Poult. Sci. 72:806–815.
  4. Kidd, M. T., B. J. Kerr, K. M. Halpin, G. W. McWard, and C. L. Quarles. 1998. Lysine interactions in broilers in starter and grower-finisher diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 7:351–358.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Bartov, I., and I. Plavnik. 1998. Moderate excess of dietary protein increases breast meat yield of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 77:680–688.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, S. L. Branton, E. R. Miller, B. B. Boren, and B. I. Fancher. 2004. Increasing amino acid density improves live performance and carcass yields of commercial broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 13:593–604.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Fisher, H., J. Grun, R. Shapiro, and J. Ashley. 1964. Protein reserves: Evidence for their utilization under nutritional and disease stress conditions. J. Nutr. 83:165–170.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Rosebrough, R. W., A. D. Mitchell, and P. J. McMurty. 1996. Dietary crude protein changes rapidly after metabolism and plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in broiler chickens. J. Nutr. 126:2888–2898.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Tesseraud, S., R. A. Pym, E. Le Bihan-Duval, and M. J. Duclos. 2003. Response of broilers selected on carcass quality to dietary protein supply: Live performance, muscle development, and circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II). Poult. Sci. 82:1011–1016.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Tesseraud, S., N. Maaa, R. Peresson, and A. M. Chagneau. 1996. Relative responses of protein turnover in three different skeletal muscles to dietary skeletal muscles to dietary lysine deficiency in chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 37:641–650.[ISI][Medline]
  11. Stromer, M. H., D. E. Goll, R. B. Young, R. M. Roberson, and F. C. Parrish, Jr. 1974. Ultra structural features of skeletal muscle differentiation and development. J. Anim. Sci. 38:1111–1141.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Skinner, J. T., A. L. Waldroup, and P. W. Waldroup. 1992. Effects of dietary amino acid level and duration of finisher period on performance and carcass content of broilers forty-nine days of age. Poult. Sci. 71:1207–1214.[ISI][Medline]
  13. Thomas, O. P., A. I. Zuckerman, M. Farran, and C. B. Tamplain. 1986. Updated amino acid requirements of broilers. Pages 79–85 in Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf., University of Maryland, College Park.
  14. Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, D. J. Burhnham, E. R. Miller, S. L. Branton, and R. Gonzalez-Esquerra. 2005. Dietary amino acid density effects on growth and carcass of broilers differing in strain cross and sex. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 14:1–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Kidd, M. T., A. Corzo, D. Hoehler, E. R. Miller, and W. A. Dozier, III. 2005. Broiler responsiveness (Ross x 708) to diets varying in amino acid density. Poult. Sci. 84:1389–1396.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Aviagen, Inc., Huntsville, AL.
  17. Temperature set points consisted of 34°C from placement to 4 d, 32°C from 5 to 9 d, 29°C from 10 to 14 d, 28°C from 15 to 19 d, 27°C from 20 to 24 d, 26°C from 25 to 29 d, 24°C from 30 to 34 d, 22°C from 35 to 39 d, 21°C from 40 to 43 d, and 19°C from 44 to 47 d; 16.5°C from 48 to 51 d; 15.5°C from 52 to 55 d; 14°C from 56 to 59 d.
  18. The lighting schedule consisted of continuous lighting with an intensity of 20 lx from placement to 7 d, 19L:5D and an intensity of 20 lx from 8 to 14 d, 20L:4D with an intensity of 5 lx from 15 to 22 d, and continuous lighting with an intensity of 3 lx from 23 to 59 d.
  19. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
  20. Total feed cost/bird (sum of the starter, grower, WDI, and WD2 periods) for the 6 dietary treatments were: HHLL = $1.149; HHML = $1.153; HHMM = $1.171; HHHH = $1.180; HHHM = $1.187; HHHL = $1.161.
  21. SAS Institute. 2004. SAS User’s Guide. Statistics. Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
  22. Actual temperatures (°C) were 28.9 ± 2.09, 1 to 17 d; 24.03 ± 1.45, 18 to 35 d; 19.65 ± 1.55, 36 to 48 d; 16.63 ± 2.44, 49 to 59 d.



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